Habitat dissimilarity and GuniFrac distances between the teams were not correlated (Mantel test: ntrials = 15, ngroups = 6, r = ? 0.149, p = 0.553; late dry 2016: nsamples = 15, ngroups = 6, r = 0.008, p = 0.972; early dry 2017: nsamples = 21, ngroups = 7, r = ? 0.154, p = 0.561; late dry 2017: nsamples = 21, ngroups = 7, r = 0.064, p = 0.776; Table S8). The model examining the effects of habitat overlap and diet dissimilarities on groups’ GuniFrac distances was also not significant (LMM II: ? 2 = 3.264, df = 2, p = 0.196, R 2 m/c = 0.08/0.98) (Table S9).
The latest 18S rRNA gene research of the house herbs included in faecal trials showed that at the very least at the straight down taxonomic accounts, i.age. up until the family unit members height, diet plan didn’t frequently connect with between-group version in the microbiome constitution. Even after apparent between-class variation into the food plant configurations, groups’ microbial microbiome compositions don’t mirror this type of variations whenever aesthetically inspecting the fresh new particular graphs (Fig. 2A, B). We receive, but not, seasonal fat reduction models. In early lifeless season in investigation decades, faecal products consisted of a large proportion regarding herbs from the family members Combretaceae and Salicaceae, while for the late inactive season Fabaceae and you can Sapindaceae was basically ate during the deeper amounts (Fig. 2B).
Beta range: maternal relatedness
We examined the effects of maternal relatedness coefficients on GuniFrac distances among all individuals, i.e. between both, group members and individuals from different groups. The interaction between the relatedness coefficient and group membership (same or different) was not significant (likelihood ratio test comparing the model with and without the interaction: ? 2 = 0.105, df = 1, p = 0.746), which is why we excluded it from the model. The model without the interaction was highly significant (LMM III:? 2 = , df = 1, p < 0.001, R 2 m/c = 0.51/0.92) (Table S10). Maternal relatives had a more similar microbiome than unrelated individuals, and this effect was independent of whether these relatives lived in the same group or not (Fig. 3).
GuniFrac ranges of all of the data pet when considering its maternal relatedness coefficient and class membership. A keen Remote controlled regarding 0.25–0.fifty relates to dyads whereby we simply cannot determine whether they was complete- otherwise half-siblings
Beta diversity: seasonality, sex, ages, and association pricing
The model examining correlations of dyadic GuniFrac dissimilarity with seasonality, sex, age classes, and the time two group members spent affiliating was significant (LMM IV: ? 2 = , df = 10, p < 0.001, R 2 m/c = 0.70/0.91) (Tables S11). Bacterial microbiomes of group members increased in similarity across the study period; they were least similar in the early and late dry season 2016 and most similar in the late dry season 2017. Samples of adults differed most from each other, whereas samples among juveniles and infants were more similar (Fig. 4A). Neither sex nor time spent affiliating significantly affected microbiome similarity.
Differences in gut similarity and association networks within groups per age category, female reproductive state, and male dominance. A, C GuniFrac distances between group members of different or same age categories or rank categories of adult group members only. As there is only one dominant male per group, we could not compare two dominant individuals. We did not have enough adult female group members to compare their GuniFrac distances during different reproductive stages. B, D, E ASVs associated with the different age seekingarrangement categories, adult female reproductive stages, or rank categories within groups, respectively. The association network was calculated and visualised in the same way as described in Fig. 1. The network for age categories only contains data from the late dry seasons since animals were only considered infants, when they were < 9 months of age. Hence, during the early dry seasons, there were no infants in the population